Palm oil development facilitates illegal logging

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Industrial agriculture is the main cause of deforestation around the world. That’s no surprise. And according to a recent study commissioned by the British organization Forest Trends, at least half of the tropical hardwoods sold today are the the by-product of deforestation for agriculture. The same study also indicates that more than half of the forests converted to agricultural use were done so illegally. The wood coming from those operations should also be considered illegal, but for now, this is not usually the case.

Developers use the proceeds from timber sales to finance agricultural operations. In some cases, developers may be more interested in timber than agriculture and an agricultural project may be a logging operation in disguise. Consider the case of the controversial Herakles Farms project in Cameroon. The land Herakles acquired was not available for logging, but now that the company is developing an oil palm plantation (on paper, at least), it is clear-cutting forest and looking to profit from timber sales. At this point, it is unclear that the company will proceed with planting and it is possible that it may simply sell timber before selling the project.

Herakles Farms is not alone in this questionable practice.

Filip Verbelen of Greenpeace, Belgium, has written an interesting article on the relationship between palm oil and illegal logging, which we’re posting.

La déforestation pour l’huile de palme alimente aussi le commerce de bois illégal

De récentes études sur les causes de la déforestation pointent l’expansion rapide de l’agriculture commerciale. Un petit groupe de produits d’exportation accapare le haut du tableau : en Amérique latine, il s’agit principalement de la production à grande échelle de viande et de soja ; en Asie du Sud-Est, c’est surtout la production de pâte à papier, de papier et d’huile de palme qui favorise la déforestation.

À l’origine de cette destruction des forêts, on retrouve la demande en augmentation rapide pour ces produits sur les marchés internationaux. Le Brésil exporte la majeure partie de sa production de soja. La Malaisie et l’Indonésie représentent ensemble plus de 80% de la production mondiale d’huile de palme et en exportent plus de 80%. Une étude récente révèle que l’Europe, à l’échelle du monde, est de loin le plus grand consommateur de denrées dont la production stimule la déforestation. L’« empreinte » de l’Europe en termes de déforestation a été, au cours de la dernière décennie, deux fois plus large que celles de la Chine et du Japon réunis !

Bois illégal

Depuis quelques années, on constate également que cette déforestation accélérée au profit de l’agriculture commerciale influence en profondeur le marché international des bois durs tropicaux. L’exploitation forestière précède en effet souvent une réaffectation des terres, dans le cadre de laquelle les revenus issus de la vente du bois servent de capital destiné au développement de projets agricoles. Une étude britannique commandée par l’organisation Forest Trends estime qu’au moins la moitié de tous les bois tropicaux négociés dans le monde provient de forêts détruites pour l’aménagement de cultures. Les premiers résultats de cette étude indiquent aussi que plus de 50% de ces reconversions de forêts en cultures pour l’industrie agricole se font dans l’illégalité. Le bois qui en est tiré doit dès lors, lui aussi, être considéré comme illégal.

Au Brésil, par exemple, l’analyse de récentes photos satellites montre qu’une grande partie de la déforestation à des fins d’élevage et de culture du soja est en infraction avec les autorisations octroyées aux entreprises concernées. En Indonésie, l’essentiel de la déforestation actuelle doit être imputé à l’essor rapide de l’industrie de l’huile de palme. De nombreuses études dénoncent les méthodes utilisées en Indonésie par les entreprises productrices d’huile de palme pour contourner la législation : les forêts sont rasées pour leur substituer des plantations non autorisées ; l’exploitation de certaines forêts implantées sur des tourbières, bien qu’interdite, est malgré tout souvent observée ; des forêts sont volontairement incendiées par des producteurs d’huile de palme qui convoitent ces terres, etc. Les multiples conflits d’intérêts entre la sphère politique et l’industrie agricole encouragent en outre la corruption et étouffent, parfois totalement, la répression des pratiques illégales.

L’Afrique n’est pas épargnée

Si l’Indonésie restreint de plus en plus le développement de l’industrie de l’huile de palme – tandis que la demande mondiale continue de croître –, des projets de nouvelles cultures d’huile de palme se multiplient rapidement en Afrique centrale et de l’Ouest. Et à l’instar de l’Asie, une part considérable de la déforestation en Afrique afin de permettre ces cultures se déroule dans l’illégalité. Quelques exemples :

  • Au Cameroun, l’entreprise américaine Herakles Farms poursuit l’installation d’une plantation controversée de 70 000 hectares dédiée à l’huile de palme dans une zone à haute valeur écologique. Bien qu’elle ne possède pas les autorisations exigées, cette société a quand même commencé à abattre de grands pans de la forêt tropicale. Des documents internes à l’entreprise lèvent par ailleurs tout doute sur ses espoirs de gagner des millions de dollars grâce à la vente de ces bois durs, même si elle a toujours prétendue ne pas s’intéresser aux bois durs tropicaux et vouloir laisser ce bois aux autorités camerounaises.
  • Au Libéria, le gouvernement a octroyé ces dernières années des centaines de milliers d’hectares de forêt en concessions à, notamment, des entreprises d’exploitation forestière et à des sociétés désireuses d’implanter des cultures d’huile de palme. Un audit indépendant sur l’attribution de ces contrats a conclu que l’octroi d’un grand nombre de ces concessions n’avait pas respecté les prescriptions légales. Se pose dès lors la question de la légalité du bois provenant de ces concessions.
  • Au Congo-Brazzaville, un groupe malaisien a acquis les droits relatifs aux plantations Atama. Atama possède dans ce pays une concession de 470 000 hectares au beau milieu de la forêt tropicale, dont 180 000 hectares vont servir à la culture de l’huile de palme. Il s’agit vraisemblablement du plus grand projet lié à l’huile de palme dans le bassin du Congo. La coupe à blanc à grande échelle de la forêt tropicale a débuté en 2012 sans attendre les études d’incidences sur l’environnement exigées par la loi. Les inspecteurs gouvernementaux ont déjà relevé de nombreuses infractions à la législation forestière. Si ce projet est mené à son terme, il multipliera par deux le taux de déforestation au Congo-Brazzaville. Il produira en outre, pendant plusieurs années, plus de bois que ne le font les concessions forestières déjà existantes dans le pays.

Des initiatives politiques actuelles insuffisantes

Les plans d’action actuels contre l’exploitation forestière illégale accordent encore trop peu d’importance à la lutte contre la déforestation illégale pour l’industrie agricole. Au sein de l’Union européenne, une nouvelle législation est entrée en vigueur en mars de cette année afin de rendre punissable l’importation de bois illégal. Son efficacité reste toutefois à prouver. Malgré l’existence de cette nouvelle réglementation, Greenpeace a déjà constaté à plusieurs reprises que du bois congolais abattu illégalement pouvait toujours être importé sans risque de sanctions sur le territoire européen. Les États membres de l’UE ne sont manifestement pas encore capables d’appliquer ces nouvelles règles. Le volume croissant de bois illégal issu de la déforestation illégale à des fins agricoles commerciales ne bénéficie par ailleurs de l’attention des décideurs politiques que depuis quelques années. Il ne s’agissait pas encore d’un dossier majeur à l’époque de l’élaboration du règlement européen sur le bois.

Les accords de partenariat volontaires que l’UE conclut depuis quelques années avec une série de pays grands producteurs de bois (tels que le Cameroun, le Congo-Brazzaville, le Libéria et l’Indonésie) en vue d’améliorer la gestion forestière et d’enrayer les coupes illégales tiennent eux aussi insuffisamment compte de la problématique de la conversion des forêts pour l’agriculture industrielle.L’Indonésie, par exemple, a signé ce mois-ci le dernier accord de partenariat volontaire en date avec l’Union européenne. Greenpeace a salué cet accord car l’Indonésie démontre par cette démarche qu’elle est disposée à combattre la corruption et les pratiques illégales. Mais Greenpeace a dans le même temps averti que l’Indonésie, si elle souhaite renforcer la crédibilité de sa politique forestière, doit décréter une interdiction de la réaffectation de zones de forêt tropicale pour y implanter des cultures commerciales.

Légal ou pas ?

Entre-temps, il semble aussi de plus en plus évident qu’il ne suffit pas de lutter contre les formes illégales de déforestation. Une approche trop polarisée sur la « légalité » peut même déboucher sur des résultats contraires : beaucoup d’entreprises parviennent ainsi à faire légaliser leurs pratiques illégales en demandant et en obtenant après coup les autorisations exigées. Dans certains pays tels que le Cameroun et le Brésil, on envisage même d’assouplir la réglementation sur le bois au lieu de la durcir. Des projets de déforestation encore interdits aujourd’hui pourraient ainsi à l’avenir être considérés comme parfaitement légaux.

Indépendamment des discussions sur la légalité, de nouvelles initiatives politiques sont dès lors activement recherchées pour s’assurer que des produits tels que la viande, le soja, le papier et l’huile de palme échangés sur les marchés internationaux ne proviennent plus de la déforestation au profit de l’agriculture industrielle. L’Union européenne est consciente de l’enjeu et étudie un plan d’action afin de traiter ce problème. Un tel plan devra aborder la consommation de ces produits au sein de l’UE sans oublier la collaboration avec les pays producteurs pour y consolider la politique forestière au niveau local. La nécessité d’un tel plan d’action – un plan pour « une réduction ciblée de la déforestation par l’agriculture commerciale » – a déjà été reconnue dans le septième programme d’action européen pour l’environnement et doit se concrétiser au cours des prochaines années.

Greenpeace maintient la pression sur les autorités et les entreprises afin d’adopter des mesures débouchant sur l’acceptation par les secteurs de l’agriculture industrielle d’une politique garantissant que leurs activités ne soient plus une source de déforestation.

Article originally published by Greenpeace Belgium, October 20, 2013

Palm oil: it’s in all your junk food. Do you really need it?

On the palm oil trail...

On the palm oil trail…

When the subject of palm oil is debated, sustainability is always at the center of the discussion. We focus on sustainability — growing more palm oil while minimizing damage to the environment and maximizing returns for local communities and smallholder farmers. The working assumption is that we need ever increasing quantities of palm oil to meet growing demand. Rarely do we ask what drives the demand and whether all palm oil consumption is necessary or good.

Palm oil is used in a wide array of processed foods (and cosmetics). It’s estimated that half of all products in U.S. supermarkets contain palm oil. And as more people around the world turn to processed foods, the demand for palm oil skyrockets. But diets high in processed foods are linked to obesity, diabetes and a host of costly health problems. Does the planet really need to consume more processed foods? Can we slow down the ever-increasing demand for palm oil by reducing our consumption of processed and junk foods?

It would be great if these questions were part of the palm oil debate. Smallholder farmers across the Congo Basin do need to grow and mill palm oil more efficiently to meet local demand and eliminate the need imports. But does that mean that millions of hectares of new plantations are needed?

The Rainforest Foundation in the U.K. has been pushing British producers of processed foods to use less palm oil in their products. “UK biscuit manufacturers and retailers are showing that it is possible to outright reduce the use of palm oil, which is going to have to occur globally if large areas of Africa’s rainforests are to be saved from conversion to palm plantations,” said Simon Counsell, Executive Director of the Rainforest Foundation (U.K.).

This is an important step — next step is for consumers to reduce their own consumption of processed foods.

Read more: Penguins support gorillas as biscuit makers respond to palm oil threat

What is the price of palm oil? from Rainforest Action Network has information on palm oil in U.S. snack foods:

Palm oil and its derivatives are used in a remarkable array of products, such as ice cream, cookies, crackers, chocolate products, cereals, breakfast bars, cake mixes, doughnuts, potato chips, instant noodles, frozen sweets and meals, baby formula, margarine, and dry and canned soups.  Palm oil is also the most widely used frying oil in the world and is commonly used in the American fast food industry for products such as French fries.

The palm oil industry has grown dramatically over the past few decades and palm oil now accounts for a quarter of global vegetable oil consumption and nearly 60% of the global trade in vegetable oils. In the U.S. alone, palm oil imports have jumped 485% in the last decade.

 

 

Herakles Farms: Major plantation downsize in the works?

Idle Herakles Farms truck, Fabe, Southwest Region, Cameroon.

Idled Herakles Farms truck, Fabe, Southwest Region, Cameroon.

 

In the latest twist in the Herakles Farms saga, a June 8th dispatch from Reuters says the Cameroonian government has asked the company to slash the size of its plantation from 73,000 hectares to 20,000 hectares. The report also suggests the site of the new 20,000 hectare development is yet to be determined.

A 20,000 hectare development would still be among the country’s largest plantations. Socapalm (part of the Bollore Group, which also directly owns 9,000 hectares ) has more acreage devoted to palm oil, spread over several sites. Pamol and CDC each cultivate less than 20,000 hectares. Sime Darby, Cargill and others are negotiating for larger tracts of land.

Will reducing the size of the Herakles Farms plantation allow project opponents and project supporters to find common ground? That is far from certain. In any case, this is not a done deal.  Here’s the Reuters article:

YAOUNDE, June 8 (Reuters) – Cameroon’s forestry ministry has asked a company owned by New York venture capital firm Herakles Capital to slash the size of its planned palm oil plantation to 20,000 hectares from 73,000, a senior ministry source said on Saturday.

Ministry officials said on Thursday they had given the green light to Herakles Farms to continue developing its proposed plantation, covering an area more than 10 times the size of Manhattan, provided it complied with regulations.

The ministry had ordered the company to suspend development of the site in April pending a review of the public usefulness of the project, agreed in a 2009 deal with the ministry of economy, planning and territorial development (MINEPAT).

“We have asked them to forget their original deal signed with MINEPAT. The new 20,000 hectare site has yet to be determined,” said the senior forestry ministry official who asked not to be identified.

A spokesman for Herakles Farms, Franklin Sone Bayen, declined to confirm or deny the information.

“The company is still in a process of negotiating with the Cameroonian government,” he told Reuters.

Environmental groups including Greenpeace and WWF have said the project violates Cameroon’s laws and could endanger wildlife and deprive locals of their livelihoods.

Herakles Farms has repeatedly said it has fully complied with Cameroonian law and the wishes of local communities.

Though the forestry minister has sent a letter to Herakles authorising it to proceed with the clearance of the forest and planting of palms, officials said the company still requires logging permissions from the ministry.

Palm oil is the world’s most widely produced vegetable oil and is used in everything from margarine and soap to biofuel. Annual production around the world is valued at about $20 billion. (Reporting by Beaugas-Orain Djoyum; Writing by Daniel Flynn; Editing by Matthew Tostevin)

Community voices making a difference in Cameroon

 

Entrance to Lipenja nursery. Lipenja, SW Region, Cameroon.

Entrance to Lipenja nursery. Lipenja, SW Region, Cameroon.

Community opposition to the 73,000 hectare Herakles Farms palm oil project in Cameroon’s Southwest region remains strong. Last week an open letter to Herakles Farms CEO, Bruce Wrobel, appeared in a number of online publications — the latest in a series of letters and petitions from Cameroonians who do not want to see their forest transformed into a vast plantation. Recent moves by the company to sell the seedlings from several of its nurseries suggest that opposition to the project is having an impact.

Reports on the ground indicate that work in the concession area has slowed, although there’s little official information available. Local community activist, Nasako Besingi, has spoken with company employees who say they are worried about their jobs and their wages for the month. Several workers told Besingi they have been sitting idly at the nurseries for one week but have heard nothing from their supervisors or the company. Besingi describes an atmosphere of confusion in the concession area.

See our links to reports for more information on Herakles Farms.

Visit the “News and downloads” page of the SAVE-Wildlife website to view copies of letters and petitions from local attorneys, community leaders and villagers opposed to the project.

 


					

Cameroon: Are communities able to make “free” and “informed” decisions about giving away their land?

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Or the corrupting influence of gifts.

The recent German-Cameroonian fact-finding mission to the Herakles Farms concession area has generated some news coverage in France.  The  AFP article posted below was published in Les Echos. Interestingly, this article refers to “corruption” and brings up the food and drink that Herakles Farms has given communities.

Corporate social responsibility is part of doing business and companies donate goods and services to communities all the time. But Herakles Farms has not yet obtained the presidential decree necessary for the implementation of its project (see our sidebar for reports on Herakles Farms). As the report from the fact-finding mission points out, the company is negotiating with villages to get land and the gifts the company doles out may influence the decisions of local populations.  In other words, villagers may not be making “free” and “informed” decisions about giving away their land.

These gifts are not insignificant. The company described its holiday gift-giving in a January press release: “Over the holidays, Herakles Farms (also known as SGSOC), a New York-based agriculture company operating in Ghana and Cameroon, donated food to 1,700 households in 38 villages located in the Nguti subdivision of Kupe-Muanenguba and in Mundemba and Toko in Ndian. In total, 11 tons of rice and 10 tons of fish were distributed to more than 8,000 individuals in the Nguti, Mundemba and Toko areas.”

That’s a lot of food to give away just to say, “Happy New Year.”  And its worth reminding readers outside of Cameroon that what may seem insignificant in the U.S. or Europe — free beer at a meeting, for example — is actually a big deal in a village where a bottle of beer is an unaffordable luxury.

The AFP article puts the word corruption in quotation marks because these are allegations, of course. But more importantly, even if these allegations are verified, what is the recourse for villagers and what are the possible consequences for the company? The U.S. Foreign Corrupt Practices Act (FCPA) defines bribery as “anything of value,” including money, travel, gifts and entertainment. But, the FCPA is concerned only with  foreign government officials. The FCPA says nothing about the bribery of foreign citizens — even if their consent is necessary for a project to go ahead.

The issue of “soft corruption” comes up often in this type of negotiation and clearly needs to be addressed. With millions of hectares of Congo Basin forest now earmarked for palm oil development, communities need to be able to make clear-headed and informed decisions about the future of their land. Any company that claims to abide by best practices, including free, prior and informed consent should be forbidden from providing gifts to communities during the negotiation stage. Just as government officials should not be bribed to sign deals, nor should communities.

Here’s the article from Les Echos:

Cameroun: “corruption” lors de l’acquisition de terres pour un projet américain (rapport)

Un rapport issu du ministère des forêts camerounais et consulté par l’AFP mardi reproche à la société américaine Heraklès Farms des méthodes “d’intimidation et de corruption” pour acquérir des terres pour la culture du palmier à huile dans le sud-ouest du Cameroun.

Selon le rapport, la négociation de terres par la filiale camerounaise d’Herakles Farms, la SG Sustainables Oils Cameroon Ltd (SGSOC) “se fait avec beaucoup d’intimidations et de corruption, ciblant les chefs et certains décideurs (locaux) influents”.

La compagnie américaine se sert souvent “de bières, de whisky, des sacs de riz et de vaches”, pour que les collectivités entrent vite en négociation avec elle et la stratégie “fonctionne” puisque “des milliers d’hectares de terres” ont déjà été cédés, souligne le document.
Les auteurs de ce rapport disent s’être rendus dans 20 villages du sud ouest au mois de février et affirment que “les collectivités locales ne sont pas prêtes ou pas informées (de ce) dans quoi elles s’embarquent”.

En 2009, le gouvernement camerounais a signé avec Herakles Farms une convention de base lui donnant un accord de principe pour une concession de plus de 73.000 hectares dans le Sud-ouest pour la culture du palmier à huile.
Selon le secrétaire général du Centre pour l’environnement et le développement (CED) Samuel Nguiffo toutefois, aucun contrat de bail “n’a jamais été signé”.

“La présence de la compagnie (qui a déjà créé des pépinières et abattu des arbres pour mener ses activités) sur le lieu est illégale. Cette procédure d’acquisition des terres auprès des communautés n’est pas prévue par la loi camerounaise. Elle est illégale”, souligne M. Nguiffo. “Au gouvernement camerounais, il y a des gens qui ont obtenu des pots-de-vin” pour faciliter la signature de la convention de 2009, accuse sous anonymat un responsable de l’ambassade américaine à Yaoundé.

“Les négociations foncières doivent être arrêtées” pour éviter “de potentiels conflits sur l’utilisation des terres”, suggère pour sa part le rapport du ministère.

Début septembre, l’institut Oakland avait déjà demandé l’arrêt du projet redoutant notamment “la mise en péril d’écosystèmes uniques”.

Forest protection and agro-industry side-by-side

Stand at the Yaounde International Agrobusiness Exhibition. Photo: Sialy.net

Stand at the Yaounde International Agrobusiness Exhibition. Photo: Sialy.net

 

Yesterday in Yaounde, Cameroon, it was possible to shuttle between the Forum on Forest Governance in Central and West Africa and the International Agro-business Exhibition. As the forum wrapped up the trade fair got underway, forest protection and agro-industry awkwardly coexisted, mirroring the situation on the ground.

The agro-industrial trade fair, which continues through April 8th, is a huge affair and understandably so. Food security is a pressing issue in Cameroon, a country that imports nearly a million tons of food each year including large quantities of basic foodstuffs. At the same time, half the country’s population earns a living from farming. Cameroon’s farmers urgently need access to credit and investment (in agricultural inputs and infrastructure, in particular). The government has made agriculture a priority sector and has decided that foreign investment will play a key role in developing the country’s agricultural capacity.

But the lack of clear policy directives to shape agricultural development – food crops vs. export crops, smallholder farms vs. industrial agriculture – are resulting in a system that favors foreign investment in export crops.

CDC plantations near Limbe, Cameroon.

CDC plantations near Limbe, Cameroon.

 

Palm oil is at the top of the list of new agriculture investments, but palm oil will not solve Cameroon’s food security issues. If food self-sufficiency is the government’s goal, foreign investment in palm oil need not be encouraged. Palm oil investments may bring economic benefits to the country, but they must follow strict guidelines and conditions in order for benefits to outweigh costs.

See, for example, “The Pros and Cons of Oil Palm Expansion in Cameroon,” pgs. 8-11 of Oil Palm Development in Cameroon, by David Hoyle and Patrice Levang.

“In order to amplify the positive effects and reduce the negative impacts,” write Hoyle and Levang, “there is a need for the government of Cameroon and relevant stakeholders to develop a national palm oil strategy that can steer the rapid expansion of the sector and can ensure that expanded production does contribute to Cameroon’s sustainable development goals. In order to achieve this it is vital that the government urgently engages all the stakeholders from the outset (including government departments, companies, local communities, international and local NGOs).”

The problem today in Cameroon and across the region is that no such strategy exists. And so on one side of town conference participants attend a panel on palm oil-driven deforestation while, over at the trade fair, ministers single out the palm oil sector as particularly promising with nary a mention of sustainability.

 

 

 

 

Gabonese activist Marc Ona Essangui sentenced for “defamation”

Marc Ona Essangui. Photo: Gabon Review

Marc Ona Essangui. Photo: Gabon Review

 

RFI reports today that Gabonese activist Marc Ona Essangui has been sentenced for defamation of Liban Souleymane, the president’s Chief of Cabinet.  Ona Essangui, who received a six-month suspended prison sentence and a 5 million CFA franc fine (US$ 10,000), immediately announced that he would appeal the decision. The case has created shock waves throughout Gabonese civil society where it is perceived as a direct attack on freedom of speech.

Ona Essangui, one of Gabon’s most respected civil society activists and 2009 recipient of the Goldman Environmental Prize, has long been a champion for environmental and social justice in his country. Among other things, Ona Essangui has fought tirelessly for transparency in the extractive industries sector and is the Gabon coordinator for the transparency organization, Publish What You Pay. Interestingly, his run-in with Liban Souleymane concerns the palm oil sector, which is completely shrouded in secrecy. To date, transparency initiatives such as EITI are concerned primarily with the extractive industries.

The human rights defense organization, Front Line Defenders, writes that Ona Essangui was in court over allegations of defamation lodged against him by the Liban Souleymane, Chief of Cabinet of the President of the Republic of Gabon. Ona Essangui, Front Line Defenders writes, was accused of making defamatory statements during an October 2012 public event, “where he discussed the activities of Groupe Olam, a Singaporean agribusiness company that invests substantially in Gabon.

“The human rights defender is also accused of making defamatory statements during a televised debate organised by a local TV station, TELEAFRICA, on 9 November 2012.

“It is alleged that, during both events, Marc Ona Essangui claimed that the Chief of Cabinet of the President of the Republic of Gabon, together with the President, hold personal stakes in Groupe Olam’s ventures in Gabon. Marc Ona Essangui, as well as other members of civil society in Gabon, have publicly criticised Group Olam’s ventures for benefiting from land-grabbing practices and for contributing to environmental degradation in the country.

“Front Line Defenders expresses its concern at the defamation case lodged against Marc Ona Essangui and the summons to appear before the Court on 18 January. It believes this represents a new act of judicial harassment against him and an attempt to undermine his peaceful and legitimate advocacy work on environmental and land rights in Gabon.”

In a decidedly pro-government story in the online publication, Koaci.com, Ona Essangui is accused of having “no proof” to back up his allegations, making them “completely baseless.” In an industry with zero transparency, it’s ironic that a publication can be so confident in its defense of the “defamed” politician.

RFI reports that Ona Essangui stands by his statements and insists that if he had to do it all again, he wouldn’t change a thing.

Find more reporting (in French) on this case from Gabon Review: Le cas Marc Ona – Liban Soleiman (one of several stories on the case)

Read the case study on Olam in Gabon from the Rainforest Foundation (in English): Case Study 3.2: Olam, Gabon

Read pages 29-31 of the report (in French), Les populations gabonaises face a l’insecurite fonciere, from Brainforest, the NGO founded by Marc Ona Essangui. This report details the financial relationship between the Gabonese government and Olam.

 

Palm oil and the high forest, low deforestation equation

The rainforest of South West Cameroon, a global biodiversity "hot spot."

The rainforest of South West Cameroon, a global biodiversity “hot spot.”

 

The Congo Basin is home to the second largest tropical rainforest on earth. Although the region has been logged for decades, the six Congo Basin countries (Cameroon, Central African Republic, Congo, Democratic Republic of Congo, Equatorial Guinea and Gabon) have low deforestation rates overall. They are referred to as “High Forest, Low Deforestation,” or HFLD, countries. Countries like Indonesia that have lost significant amounts of forest are known as HFHD or “High Forest, High Deforestation.”

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Why palm oil? Why Africa? Why now?

PAMOL plantation in South West Cameroon. The PAMOL plantations date from the colonial period.

PAMOL plantation in Southwest Cameroon. The PAMOL plantations date from the colonial period.

 

Palm oil, from the fruit of the oil palm tree (Elaeis guineensis), is the world’s most widely used edible oil. Although the oil palm is native to west and central Africa and is widely cultivated in the region, most of the palm oil produced for the global market comes from the vast industrial plantations of Malaysia and Indonesia.

Growing demand for palm oil and rising production costs in Asia have led to a new land rush across the Congo Basin. Today palm oil is coming full circle, “returning” to its ancestral home: The mega-plantations are arriving in Africa, threatening both the environment and the livelihoods of countless smallholder palm growers and farmers.

According to a recent study published by the Rainforest Foundation (U.K.): “New industrial oil palm expansion projects currently underway cover 0.5 million hectares in the Congo Basin, which will result in a fivefold increase in the area of active large-scale palm plantations in the region. The area of projects announced since 2009, but not necessarily underway, covers 1.6 million hectares and palm oil companies are searching for larger areas. Approximately two-thirds of the total forest area of the Congo Basin’s forests – 115 million hectares – has suitable soil and climate for growing oil palms.”

Environmentalists and social justice activists fear the development of massive, industrial palm oil plantations in the Congo Basin, home to the world’s second largest tropical rainforest and a number of notoriously corrupt governments. Palm oil production has wreaked havoc in Indonesia and Malaysia, leading to massive deforestation, critical loss of biodiversity and violent social conflicts. Will the same occur here?

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